Les Controverses de DescartesTalk19 March 2019
Can secularism and spirituality be reconciled at school?
22 min
Twenty-two minutes at the Sorbonne, in 2018, to join two words everything seems to oppose. Delphine Horvilleur starts from the Talmud as a book of controversies, defines spirituality by its etymology (wind, breath) and offers an unexpected reading of French laïcité: not an absence of religion, but the guarantee that no conviction will ever saturate the whole space. In French.
“In French you hear it perfectly: tomber d’accord, to fall into agreement, implies a fall. Reaching agreement is a fall. And managing to sustain a debate without seeking consensus at all costs is the key to a certain elevation that today’s public debate may not allow us to find.”
“The Talmud states that controversy is necessary, that controversy is valid, but that the only winner is the one who, with humility, knows how to listen to the other’s argument, to hear it to the point of being able to defend it before stating his own.”
“When I am asked to define spirituality and what this vague, imprecise word exactly means, I am often tempted to answer that spirituality is just wind. […] But in truth, I believe it is wind in a more literal and even etymological sense.”
“This consciousness of the void is not a theologian’s language. It is not theology; it is a political language, the language of a political battle we must wage today. What defines every fundamentalism we must fight is the illusion of its own fullness.”
“Laïcité is not an absence of religion in the public space. It is not a space closed or forbidden to spirituality. It is, on the contrary, a framework that guarantees that no religion within it will ever take up all the space. It is a guarantee of emptiness.”
“Alteration is a process of alterity. That is what meeting the other means. And education is that even more: a consciousness of what we owe the other in what we have become, and the awareness that we are authentically ourselves only when we know we carry within us something of the other that allows us to be ourselves.”
The session
A single argument, built in five moves. Controversy first: the Talmud, where debate never concludes, and Hillel prevailing because his students could state Shammai’s arguments before their own. Then spirituality, defined by etymology: pneuma, ruach, and the first occurrence of breath in Genesis 1:2, « the breath of God brushed the surface of the waters », up to the balloon image: God creates in the human an inner void that is the very condition of life. Then the reversal: the « spiritual void » we lament is in fact the heart of all spirituality, the excess of self being the signature of fundamentalism; and laïcité, far from an absence, is the promise of « an eternal unsaturation ». The conclusion brings everything back to school: authenticity is a fiction, each of us is the product of an alteration, and education is the consciousness of what we owe the other.
Texts studied
- The Talmud: the controversy of the schools of Hillel and Shammai
- Genesis 1:2: the ruach brushing the surface of the waters
- Genesis 2: the breath breathed into Adam
- Along the way: Pneuma and ruach · Albert Camus on naming things badly · the 1905 French law · secularism versus laïcité.